2- The command NTUPLE/PLOT has been modified in the following way:
* /NTUPLE/PLOT IDN [ UWFUNC NEVENT IFIRST NUPD CHOPT ]
IDN C 'Ntuple identifier'
UWFUNC C 'Selection function' D='0'
NEVENT I 'Number of events' D=999999
IFIRST I 'First event' D=1
NUPD I 'Frequency to update histogram' D=30000
CHOPT C 'option' D=' ' R=' ,C,S,+,B,L,P,*'
Project and plot an ntuple as a (1D or 2D) histogram
with automatic binning(ID=1000000),
possibly using a selection algorithm.
CHOPT is the option string given to HPLOT.
IDN may be given as IDN
or IDN.X
or IDN.Y%X
or IDN.1
or IDN.2%1
or IDN.expression1
or IDN.expression1%expression2
Y%X means a scatter-plot Y(I) versus X(I) where I is the event number.
2%1 means a scatter-plot variable 2 versus variable 1.
In this particular case, X and Y are the names of the variables 1 and 2
respectively.
Expression1 is any numerical expression of the Ntuple variables.
UWFUNC may have the following forms:
1- UWFUNC='0' or missing (only IDN given). No selection is applied.
2- UWFUNC is a CUT or combination of valid CUTS created by the
command NTUPLE/CUTS. Ex:
UWFUNC=1 means use cut number 1
UWFUNC=1.AND.2
UWFUNC=.NOT.(1.AND.2)
UWFUNC=(1.OR.2).AND.3
3- UWFUNC is a FORTRAN expression
Ex: X>3.14.AND.(Y>Mname(4)
means mark bit 4 in mask Mname for all events satisfying
the condition Z<0.4
A MASK may also be given as input to a selection expression. Ex: NT/PLOT 30.X Mname(4).and.Z<0.4
means all events satisfying bit 4 of Mname AND Z<0.4
It is possible to plot expressions of the original variables. Ex: NT/PLOT 30.SIN(X)%SQRT(Y**2+Z**2) Z<0.4
plots a scatter-plot of variable U versus V for all events satisfying the condition Z<0.4. U and V are U=SIN(X) and V=SQRT(X**2+Y**2)
The default identifier of the histogram being filled is IDF=1000000. At the next invocation of this command, it will be overwritten. If either NEVENT or IFIRST or NUPD are negative, then the identifier of the histogram being filled will be taken as IDF=-NEVENT or IDF=-IFIRST or IDF=-NUPD. IDF may have been created with H/CREATE. Before filling IDF, the contents of IDF are reset if IDF already exists. Use NTUPLE/PROJECT to cumulate several passes into IDF. Note that IDF.NE.1000000 is a convenient way to force user binning, in case the automatic binning algorithm used within PAW/HBOOK does not give acceptable results (this can be the case when the variable to be histogrammed always increases or decreases). This option must be used when options '+', 'U', 'S' are specified in CHOPT. Every NUPD events, the current status of the histogram is displayed.
3- A new command NTUPLE/UWFUNC is available.
* /NTUPLE/UWFUNC IDN FNAME [ CHOPT ] IDN I 'Ntuple identifier' FNAME C 'File name' CHOPT C 'Options' D=' ' R=' ,E,P,T' Generates automatically the Fortran skeleton of a selection function. Example If Ntuple ID=30 has variable names [X,Y,Z,ETOT,EMISS,etc] then NTUPLE/UWFUNC 30 SELECT.FOR will generate the file SELECT.FOR with: FUNCTION SELECT(XDUMMY) COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,X,Y,Z,ETOT,EMISS,etc SELECT=1. END Then using the command EDIT one can modify this file which could then look something like: IDNEVT is the event number. FUNCTION SELECT(XDUMMY) COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,X,Y,Z,ETOT,EMISS,etc IF(X**2+Y**2.GT.Z**2.OR.ETOT.GT.20.)THEN SELECT=1. ELSE SELECT=0. ENDIF END If CHOPT='E' then the local editor is invoked on FNAME. ='P' code to print events is generated. ='T' Tags for variables are generated in DATA.
4- A new command NTUPLE/SCAN is available (from T. Wildish ALEPH).
*/NTUPLE/SCAN IDN [CHFUNC NEVENT IFIRST NVARS CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8] IDN C 'Ntuple identifier' CHFUNC C 'User cut function' D='0' NEVENT I 'Number of events' D=999999 IFIRST I 'First event' D=1 NVARS I 'Number of variables to scan' D=8 R=0:8 CH1 C 'Name of 1st variable' D='1' CH2 C 'Name of 2nd variable' D='2' CH3 C 'Name of 3rd variable' D='3' CH4 C 'Name of 4th variable' D='4' CH5 C 'Name of 5th variable' D='5' CH6 C 'Name of 6th variable' D='6' CH7 C 'Name of 7th variable' D='7' CH8 C 'Name of 8th variable' D='8' Scan the entries of an Ntuple subject to user cuts. Scan the variables for NEVENT events starting at IFIRST, requiring that the events satisfy cut CHFUNC. Up to 8 variables may be scanned, the default is to scan the first 8 variables.
5- A new command NTUPLE/MASK is available.
* /NTUPLE/MASK MNAME [ CHOPT NUMBER ] MNAME C 'Mask name' CHOPT C 'Options' D=' ' R=' ,U,N,R,C,P' NUMBER I 'Bit number' D=0 Operations with masks. A mask is in fact a direct-access file with the name MNAME.MASK. A mask must contains as many 32 bit words as there are events in the associated Ntuple(s). Masks are interesting when only a few events of a Ntuple are selected with a time consuming selection algorithm. For example if the command NT/PLOT 30.X Z<0.4.and.SELECT.FTN>>Mname(6) then for all events in Ntuple 30 satisfying the above condition the bit 6 in the corresponding mask words will be set. One can then use the mask as selection mechanism. Example: NT/PLOT 30.X Mname(6) will produce the same results than the first NT/PLOT command but will be much faster if only a small fraction of all the events is selected. MASKS are automatically saved across PAW sessions. CHOPT=' ' existing mask on file MNAME.MASK is attached for READ only. CHOPT='U' existing mask on file MNAME.MASK is attached for UPDATE. CHOPT='N' a new mask on file MNAME.MASK is created for NUMBER events. CHOPT='P' the comments for all active bits is printed. CHOPT='C' mask is closed. CHOPT='R' Reset bit number NUMBER.If NUMBER=99, resets all bits. Example: MASK Test N 10000 creates a new mask on file Test.mask with enough words to process a Ntuple with 10000 events MASK Test UP opens an existing mask for update +prints the active selection bits with explanation
6- A new command NTUPLE/CSELECT is available.
* /NTUPLE/CSELECT [ CHOPT CSIZE ] CHOPT C 'OPTIONS' D='N' R=' N,R,B,M,C' CSIZE R 'Comment size' D=0.28 The selection mechanism will be written as a comment on the picture. If option N is given, then all subsequent NTUPLE/PLOT commands will print the selection mechanism with the options specified in CHOPT. By default, the comment is drawn Left justified Above the top zone line. The options are : 'R' comment is right adjusted to the current zone 'C' comment is centred to the current zone 'B' comment is drawn below the top zone line Ex: CSEL All coming NT/PLOT commands will draw a comment of size CSIZE=0.28cm Left justified. CSEL NRB 0.4 All coming NT/PLOT commands will draw a comment of size 0.4 cm Right justified Below the top line. CSEL CB Draw previous selection mechanism Centred Below the top zone line.
7- Multi-Dimensional vectors are now implemented.
Ex: VECTOR/CREATE X(3,10000).Using the file VECTOR.DAT described in the documentation try: VECTOR/READ X VECTOR.DAT VECTOR/PLOT X(1) VECTOR/PLOT X(1)%X(3)(type "HELP VECTOR")
8- Changes in the commands TEXT and ITX
The two commands accept now X and Y coordinates given in the current Normalisation transformation units. The text size is always given in centimetres.9- Several enhancements in the KUIP,HBOOK,HPLOT and HIGZ packages.
Logic of commands HELP and STYLE A revised (type "HELP" or "STYLE AN" and follow the questions)Single quote inside character string can be escaped by @' (type "HELP KUIP/SYNTAX")
The character "!" stands now for the default value of a parameter (type "HELP GETTING_HELP")
Added the possibility of concatenating strings using "//" (type "HELP CONCATENATING")
New system functions (usable like aliases) $DATE and $TIME (type "HELP FUNCTIONS")
The character "*" stands now for the repetition factor in VECTOR/INPUT (type "HELP VECTOR/INPUT")
New macro statements: "assignment statement" and "IF expr GOTO label" (type "HELP MACRO/SYNTAX")
Added option TPU for command HOST_EDITOR (T.Wenaus, CERN EP/L3)
10- The array manipulation language SIGMA is available.
SIGMA (System for Interactive Graphical Mathematical Applications) is a programming language for scientific computing whose major characteristics are the following: 1. The basic data units are scalars, one-dimensional arrays, and multi-dimensional rectangular arrays; SIGMA provides automatic handling of these arrays. 2. The computational operators of SIGMA closely resembles the operations of numerical mathematics; procedural operators are often analogous to those of FORTRAN. For an introduction to SIGMA, consult the tutorial SIGMA WITHOUT EFFORT, and for details see the CERN SIGMA User's Manual, available from C.E. Vandoni, DD, ext. 3355 or 13+5567. Notation In the following, we use the words "array" and "vector" as synonyms. In both cases, we refer to PAW vectors, in the sense that SIGMA-generated arrays are stored as PAW vectors and therefore are accessible to PAW commands, and PAW vectors are accessible to SIGMA. Operating procedure SIGMA is implemented on VAX-VMS, IBM/VM and APOLLO. SIGMA can be invoked by just typing the command APPL SIGMA, when under PAW. Lines starting with a $ are considered comment lines. The last 20 SIGMA commands typed can be shown by typing a character @ alone followed by carriage return. The command EXIT will revert control to PAW. SIGMA commands are not case sensitive. Data storage and manipulation is based on a conventional assignment statement:= where the result of the expression is assigned to the name. The expression may include arithmetical, relational or logical operators because Boolean truth values are represented by zero for FALSE and one for TRUE. The expression may also include any prefix operator provided by SIGMA. Since the basic data type of SIGMA is an n-dimensional rectangular array, the result of any expression will be an array without any explicit loop structures to process individual components. Names FORTRAN conventions, max. 7 characters. Numbers and ranges Real, integers and Boolean. Note that SIGMA distinguishes only between real or complex numbers and strings; integers and Boolean values (0,1) have no special status. Numbers can be typed in using a completely free (FORTRAN rules!) format. Ranges has the structure: A#B, where A, B are numbers, names of scalars or scalars expressions. Main usage of ranges is in arrays definition and in graphics command. Expressions and assignment statements As in FORTRAN, while basic items may be scalars or full arrays. Scalars and arrays definition Note that scalars are implemented as one-dimensional arrays of length one. A=ARRAY (arg1,arg2) arg1 defines the array structure, i.e. the NCO (Number of COmponents) of the array arg2 provides the numerical values filling the array row-wise. If arg2 is absent (or does not provide enough values) the array is filled with 1. Examples A=ARRAY (6,1#6) 1 2 3 4 5 6 A=ARRAY (4) 1 1 1 1 A=ARRAY (5,5&7&-1&2&1.2) 5 7 -1 2 1.2 A=ARRAY (3)*PI 3.1415927 3.1415927 3.1415927 A=ARRAY (1,123E4) 1230000.0 Debugging commands !PRINT Automatic printing of scalars and arrays after (re)definition. !NOPRINT Suppress !PRINT Basic operators + Add - Subtract * Multiply / Divide ** Exponentiation & Concatenation Logical operators Logical operators act on entities that have Boolean values 1 (true) or 0 (false). The result is Boolean. ANY The result is a Boolean scalar of value 1 (true) if at least one component of the argument is true and 0 (false) otherwise. AND Logical operation AND NOT Logical operation NOT OR Logical operation OR EQ EQual to GE Greater or Equal to GT Greater Than LE Less or Equal to LT Less Than NE Not Equal Array functions (operators) DEL DELta Function DIFF Forward DIFFerence LS R=LS(A,N) shifts index of A to the left by N steps (cyclic) MAX A=MAX(A) replaces each element in a row of A by the MAXimum element in that row MIN A=MIN(A) replaces each element in a row of A by the MINimum element in that row NCO R=NCO(A) Number of COmponent vector of A ORDER R=ORDER(A,P) finds a permutation that brings P in a non-descending order and applies it to A to generate R. PROD Generates the running product SMAX Largest element of A (scalar) SMIN Smallest element of A (scalar) SUM Generates the running sum Workspace commands EXIT SIGMA is stopped, and control is returned to PAW. !WAIT The execution is suspended until the user types a carriage return. !NAMES Obtain a full listing of presently defined names, specifying their NCO. !CLEAR Deletes all defined names. Available functions ABS ABSolute value ACOS ArCOSine ASIN ArcSINe ATAN ArcTANgent ATAN2 ArcTANgent2 (2 arguments) COS COSine COSH Hyperbolic COSine COSINT COSine INTegral EXP EXPonential INT takes INTegral part of decimal number LOG Natural LOGarithm LOG10 Common LOGarithm MOD Remaindering RNDM Random Number Generator - generates random numbers between 0 and 1. R=RNDM(X), where NCO(R)=NCO(X) SIGN Transfer of SIGN R=SIGN(X,Y), R=|X|*Y/|Y| SIN SINe Function SINH Hyperbolic SINe SININT SINe INTegral TAN TANgent TANH Hyperbolic Tangent SQRT SQuare RooT Note that ill defined functions (e.g. SQRT(-2)) will give 0. as result. Input/output statements and control PRINT list Argument list can consist of scalars, arrays and expressions. !DIGITS n Specifies the number of digits in output (PRINT) !LENGTH n Sets output line length
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